Friday, December 27, 2019

An Analysis Of Robert Browning s Poetry - 2033 Words

Robert Browning’s poetry contains many different themes, but they all have one thing in common, social class. Social class defines the way women are treated in his poems. The women who have a lower social status are treated with respect and love, they are treated as an equal to the man. Women with a higher social status tend to be treated worse than those with lower statuses; they are treated as if they are an object to possess and control. Social status determines the outcome of the women in the poems and the way they are treated. In Robert Browning s poetry, the role of women is dependent on her social status, as shown in Love Among the Ruins, Meeting at Night, Porphyria s Lover, and My Last Duchess. â€Å"Love Among the Ruins† demonstrates the role women play when they are of a lower social class, they are treated better by the men they love, as well as respected more. In â€Å"Love Among the Ruins,† the woman’s lover travels through the ruins of an old ancient city to reach the woman. The woman’s appearance is never described only compared to the beauty of the ruins. The man in the story views her as someone who is so beautiful and devoted to him, that he would give everything that is material up, just for her. Her love and devotion is the best thing that has ever happened to him (Delaney 2336). The woman in the story is not from a high social status, while her social class is never stated, it is implied that she is part of the lower social class. The woman is treatedShow MoreRelated Analysis of Two In The Campagna by Robert Browning Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Two In The Campagna by Robert Browning Two In The Campagna is essentially a love poem, written by Browning to capture the tragic and dark aspects of a relationship. The poem commences with romantic images of the couple sitting in the fields of Rome in spring. The first line, starting with I wonder sets the contemplative tone of the piece, and the poet follows one particular trail of thought for several stanzas. Clearly, the poet is trying to capture what cannot be easilyRead MoreMy Last Duchess By Robert Browning951 Words   |  4 PagesMy Last Duchess by Robert Browning Robert Browning was born May 7, 1812 in Camberwell, London. His father was a senior clerk in the Bank of England. His mother was a pianist. His love for writing dramatic monologues came from his father who gave him the love Browning had for art and literature. Browning attended the University of London for half a year before returning home to read in his father s library. His first work, Pauline: A Fragment of a Confession, was first issued in 1833. It was hisRead MoreSummary Of My Last Duchess By Robert Browning1164 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Newberry 13 February 2017 A Reader’s Guide to Robert Browning â€Å"My Last Duchess† Title and Author Robert browning was born on May 7,1817 in Camberwell, England. To and accomplished pianist and a bank clerk. It is said by the age of five he was already proficient of writing and reading. At the age of twelve he wrote a volume of Byronic verse entitled Incondita, which his parents attempted to have published. By thirteen birthday Browning had received the rest of Shelly’s work, and declared himselfRead MoreMeeting at Night Intrinsic Analysis3154 Words   |  13 Pages1.1 Background of the Study Poetry is an expression of the writer and expressed in to the sentences that have many meaning and sometimes the words did not have real meaning. Analyzing poetry is an activity that we are concerned with explaining the methods and techniques of taking poem apart in order to arrive at a greater understanding of both its construction and each meaning. In this paper, the writers will analyze the poem of Robert Browning titled MEETING AT NIGHT. 1.2 PurposesRead MoreMy Last Duchess By Robert Browning And The Rape Of The Lock2224 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning and â€Å" The Rape of the lock† by Alexander Pope are two poems that convey a theme of love and objectification towards women.For instance, both poems are similar in their use imagery and metaphors to grasp their audience attention. For example, in â€Å"My last duchess† the author shows the wife in the poem as an item controlled by her husband and uses his love for her as an excuse to abuse his power. Her life is ruled by him and she would have to deal with his insaneRead More Comparing the Male Characters of Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess1720 Words   |  7 Pagesmasterful use of poetic devices and language Browning is able to create two living and breathing characters in sixty or less lines. When one examines these works one has to that they are quite the achievements for they not only d isplay the persona’s of two distinct men but also when compared show large differences while dealing with essentially the same subject. A brief examination of the structural aspects of â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† is needed before further analysis is done. One can break the poem up intoRead Moremeeting at night1124 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿An analysis of the poem â€Å"Meeting at Night† Double degrees, Liu Yueqin (Ã¥ Å'Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¤ ½ ) å…‰ç” µÃ§ ³ »02ç º § 刘æÅ"ˆç  ´ 023214276Ã¥  · Abstract: This essay takes Robert Browning’s poem Meeting at night for its subject. With the usage of end rhyme, alliteration and repetition, vivid description, coordination and personification, the poem creates aesthetic pleasure and shows the joys and fears of the characters. Key words: love, meeting, night, joys, fears â…  . Brief account of the author Robert Browning (1812-1889) is notedRead MoreJohn Donne : A Medieval Man But A Metaphysical Poet2279 Words   |  10 Pagesmetaphysical poetry. While there are other well-known writers who made this style of poetry popular, Donne is by far the most discussed and most analyzed. The term metaphysical developed from John Dryden describing Donne’s work as â€Å"[affecting] the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature should only reign†(Dryden). After this analysis of Donne’s work, others such as Samuel Johnson began to use metaphysical when describing not only Donne’s poetry, but also theRead MoreAnalysis of Dramatic Monologue in My Last Duchess1866 Words   |  8 PagesThe Analysis of Dramatic monologue In My Last Duchess Abstract: Dramatic monologue which is an important poetic form which invented and practiced principally by Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Matthew Arnold in the Victorian Period. Though the technique is evident in many ancient Greek dramas, the dramatic monologue as a poetic form achieved its first era of distinction in the work of Victorian poet Robert Browning. Brownings poems My Last Duchess and Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister, thoughRead MoreAn Unknown Girl Analysis1379 Words   |  6 Pages↠ A Passage To Africa. (Narrative Article, Literary  Analysis.) Poetry Analysis: An Unknown Girl- Moniza  Alvi. 28May In the evening bazaar Studded with neon An unknown girl Is hennaing my hand She squeezes a wet brown line Form a nozzle She is icing my hand, Which she steadies with her On her satin peach knee. In the evening bazaar For a few rupees An unknown girl is hennaing my hand As a little air catches My shadow stitched kameez A peacock spreads its lines Across my palm.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Management and Organizational Structure - 1043 Words

Organizational Structures Ahmed Bassyouni University of Phoenix Sep 28, 2010 William Noble Some organizational theories could explain the Enron’s failure. Looking at the organizational structure and management of Enron, The structures were flat before the bureaucratic structure developed, then the bureaucratic structures developed in order to increase control. There were vertical structures where there was high level of control and according to theories the organizational circle is moving back to flat structure. In Enron Corporation, internally it had such a highly decentralized financial control and decision making structure that made it impossible to get a clear view on the corporations operations and activities. Along with a†¦show more content†¦This was a fertile environment for corruption. There should be shared reliability for success of a business, however, in Enron because of conflict of interest there was no shared reliability. Even the external auditor, Arthur Andersen had a conflict of interest. Currently, most organization believes in the human relations movement. This is a form of management that gives importance to individuals and their unique capabilities in the organization. Each person is unique and her input should be considered as valuable. However, in Enron, the suggestions and objections of hundreds of accountants and finance personnel were turned down abruptly, the employees that objected were abused and their voices suppressed. Those that were persistent with their objections to shady financial accounting practices were even threatened with dire consequences. Since there was no matching between the inputs of the employees and that of the company, the situation was ready for failure. From another perspective management in business and organization is to get people together to achieve the desired goals and objectives. In case of Enron, the goals and objectives would have referred to the legitimate business objectives of the firm. However, in case of Enron the objectives and goals of the company were to hide large debts, billions of dollars losses, and instead show large profits. Each function of management namely, planning, organizing,Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure And Management Process Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects of any organization is its structure and its management process. The success of any firm is directly related to how well it is organized and how effective it s managed. Organizational structure and management processes are interrelated and they provide a gauge as to how effective an overall business strategy is implemented. The measure of success in any business is how effectively it can compete in finding new opportunities and having the internal structure necessary to compete in differentRead MoreOrganizational Structure, Culture, Management And The Leadership1536 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction The aim of the report is to observe and analyse how organisational structure, culture, management and the leadership are helping to function effectively and achieve the organisational goals. I will try to apply as many different theories as possible to support the report. 2. Background of Burberry Burberry is a British luxury fashion brand that was founded in 1896 by Thomas Burberry, after which the company was named and has lived ever since to date. It is easily recognised asRead MorePrimary Project Management Organizational Structures1604 Words   |  7 Pagesproject management organizational structures A project organization is a structure that facilitates the coordination and implementation of project activities. Its main reason is to create an environment that fosters interactions among the team members with a minimum amount of disruptions, overlaps and conflict (pm4dev, 2007).Selecting the organization structure is one of the most important points to start any project. On the basis of unique characteristics of the project, each project structure variousRead MoreProject Management Organizational Structures Paper1144 Words   |  5 PagesA project organization is a structure that facilitates the coordination and implementation of project activities. Its main incentive is to create an environment that encourages interactions among the project personnel with a minimum amount of distractions, overlaps and conflicts. At the start of every project, it is important to first select the organization structure. On the basis of unique characteristics of the project, each project structure various forms its own advantages and disadvantagesRead MoreMcdonald s Organizational Structure And Management1605 Words   |  7 PagesCoursework Prepared by Martina Velikova McDonald’s Organisational Structure and Management McDonald’s is a leading American hamburger and fast food restaurant chain. It is founded in 1940 as barbecue restaurant by Richard Maurice McDonald in San Bernardino, California. Mc Donald’s is in the hospitality industry, owning more than 30 000 restaurant units around the world. In 1948 the two brothers started using production-line principles in their practice, which up to now are core element of theRead MoreCaterpillar: Organizational Structure and Corporate Management Controls1092 Words   |  5 PagesORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE/CORPORATE MANAGEMENT CONTROLS âž ¢ Corporate Governance Mission Statement: o Caterpillar’s corporate governance program ensures we serve the interests of stockholders and other stakeholders with the highest standards of responsibility, integrity and compliance with all laws. These standards are guided by our board of directors and global management team, who work to oversee the company’s actions, performance and governance policies. âž ¢ âž ¢ AnnouncedRead MoreChange Management: Structure and Culture in Organizational Change2543 Words   |  10 PagesGraham Student I.D GRA13375116 University of Lincoln BSc (Hons) Engineering Management ENMMANUB Management of Change ENM3005 Tutor Andrew Brookes Word count Structure and Culture in Organizational Change Change Management Name Professor Institution Course Date Change Management Introduction Background The main objective of this essay is to offer critical evaluation of the processes surrounding change management in relation to personal professional background. This focuses on the evaluationRead MoreOrganizational Culture, Management Styles, And Organizational Size And Market Demands On The Organizational Structure Of The Firm2055 Words   |  9 Pagespaper discusses the implications of organizational culture, management styles, and organizational size and market demands on the organizational structure of the firm. The paper uses the case study or Toyota Motors Corporation to evaluate how organizational structures are affected by these factors and to make recommendations on the same. Objectives of the study The study seeks to understand the meaning of organizational culture and how it implicates the structure the firm. The study will also seekRead MoreCoca-Colas Organizational Structure and Human Resource Management1466 Words   |  6 Pagesattracts top people, helps them to adjust to challenges in the marketplace, and seeks to retain this talent primarily by providing managers with ample opportunities to grow, given the multiple products and geographic units. Coca-Colas organizational structure is based on geographic units, with product units subordinated. Some functions, like global marketing campaigns for the flagship brand and the new product lab, are primarily centralized. There is, however, considerable room for the geographicRead MoreOrganizational Structure, Communication, Management, Conflict Resolution, And Culture Essay2283 Words   |  10 Pagesstrength in organizational structure, communication, management, conflict resolution, and culture. By implementing these five strengths an organization will be effective. Organizational structure Organizational structure is the framework in which a group is organized to function and reach the goals set by the organization. More specifically, â€Å"structure describes how members are accepted, leadership is chosen, and how decisions are made† (University of Kansas, 2016). In addition, an organizational structure

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Leading Organizational Changes Samples for Students -Myassignment

Questions: 1.Develop at least Six Realistic Assumptions that you can add to the Issues and Problems Expressed. 2.In reference to the Classic article by Larry Greiner (Reading 10), Explain what is happening between growth and Change in BTS.3.How does the Problem Statement for BTS resemble what Gersick Indicates about a Systems Deep Structure?4.In reference to the article by Dailey and Browning Explain how and why Narratives and Storytelling was useful to the Company.5.Refer to Chapter 6 of Hayes (2014) under the heading Collaborative Modes of Intervening. Discuss which Modes might Change Agents in BTS use and Why?6.Given the Typology of Organisational, which typology may best Describe the approach that BTS Might Adopt and Why? Answers: 1.Development of realistic assumptions The developments of the realistic assumptions are as follows: Management- From the given case study, it could be assumed that, BTS lacks efficient management. Since the company is a 60 years old company, hence, it is largely owned mainly by the family, and thus, have a centralized decision making structure (Armenakis and Harris 2009). This management is rigid and is not flexible to accept much change in the organization. Change process- While few changes have been experienced by the organization the changes have been evolutionary, which came through incremental process. However, the company has not undergone drastic change (Burnes 2004). Managerial information system- BTS lacks an efficient and robust database. The lack of robustness results in lack of improvement with the pace of the rest of the world. 2.Relation between changes in BTS and growth Technology- The case study highlights the fact that, the workers are comfortable enough in working with the same old technology, without much need for up gradation. Thus, there is almost no modernization of technology in BTS. The article by Greiner highlights the position of the growing organization and is of the opinion that a growing company moves through five phases of development. The evolution and revolution of the company is dependent on the size of the company. BTS is not a very large company. It is a medium sized company, having a history of 60 years and a very rigid board. The growth of the company has been a slow one, since the company has not changed much in the past few years. The company has been adhering to the policies laid by the founder George, and does not wish to accept revolutionary changes. The various stages of evolution of the company BTS is dependent on the size and age of the company (Greiner 1972). Most of the companies having a steady growth does not expand for two years. The stages of revolution include substantial periods of turbulence. It is to be highlighted that BTS is having steady growth since it has ever faced any crisis. One of the major crises that is faced by the orga nizations, which hinders the growth of a company is leadership style (Hayes 2014). However, BTS has never faced such crisis. This is because, George and his son has been leading the company and its employees, in a particular leadership style. However, with new generation having MBA from Australia has been recruited in the company, thus, bring in changes in the leadership styles (Please see Appendix 1). The changes in the leadership style bring in changes in the perception of the new leaders. However, the company and its employees do not welcome the new perspectives. When the company was started, it was well managed by George and there were no issues regarding the leadership styles (Malhotra and Hinings 2015). However, with the grand children taken over, significant leadership changes have been witnessed. These new leaders have different perceptions and they have been trying to give the company a new direction. Hence, BTS have been facing the issues of leadership (Please see Appendix 2). Moreover, the assumption that the database lacks robustness could be mitigated using a change in technology, that would upgrade the technology of the database. This article by Malhotra and Hinings (2015), has a different opinion. This article highlights the fact that organizational changes are initiated out of organizational crisis. According to Malhotra and Hinings (2015), change is a continuous process and it needs to be managed continuously, by the managers and leaders. The appendix 3 highlights the process of continuity and changes. The new leadership style highlights the fact that changes are inevitable and the necessary changes in the process of work and working style needs to be done, as and when required (Malhotra and Hinings 2015). According to the figure 3, appendix 3, the case of BTS is proposing very high gravity of initiatives. As mentioned in the case study, the new generation leaders Tommy and Khadija wishes to bring about revolutionary changes in the organization. however they are inclined towards using the awareness blocking model, rather than the use of the awareness building model (Murray 2012). Since BTS do not have an e fficient MIS, hence the required changes needs to be communicated to the board members. The contrast between the articles by Malhotra and Greiner is the difference in the organizational growth. The article by Greiner highlights the fact that organizational changes are caused by evolution and revolutional changes Malhotra and Hinings (2015). However, the article by Malhotra suggests that organizational changes are caused form the organizational crisis. 3.Resemblance of problem statement of BTS and systems deep structure Gersick 1991, highlights the resemblance between the problem statement of BTS and the deep structure. The deep structure is one of the fundamental structures that determine the basic acidity of the organizations. This structure is one of the most stable structures since the choices made by the organization, rules out many other options. The board of BTS falls under the deep structure, since it has been working in a stable manner, and has not faced crisis (Y?lmaz and K?l?o?lu 2013). The deep structure is closely related to the drivers of change. in drivers of changes include the worldwide reduction of the barriers of investments, along with the market liberalization and adoption (Dailey and Browning 2014). The drivers of change in case of BTS includes the turbulent environment, organizational capability, smaller flexible companies, high skill of the workforces, new service industries, deregulation, advances in the technology (Tushman and OReilly 1996). One of the major drivers of chan ge in BTS is the turbulent environment. The work environment of BTS is in demand of revolutionary changes. This is a major driver of change in BTS. Moreover, highly skilled workforces in BTS prefer change in the organization, such that they are able to exhibit their innovation, might be a major driver of change. Since the company BTS has been taken over by the new and able leaders, they could conduct PESTEL analysis to determine the external forces that affects the organization, along with the SWOT analysis, in order to find the internal factors that affects the company. The conduction of PESTEL and SWOT would assist the new leaders to identify drivers of changes, other than the other mentioned ones. Though the changes are important and inevitable, yet some dilemmas are encountered. These include the renewal of culture, the intentional planning verses the adaptive thinking, radical transformation, empowerment as well as incremental changes. The cultural dilemma is faced, since BTS have been working in a particular culture for 60 years, which needs to be changed suddenly. Moreover, the process of adaptive thinking is opposite to that of the deep structure (Stoltzfus et al. 2011). The boards of BTS is a believer of the deep structure and hence not open to adaptive thinking. Along with these cultural dilemmas, the cognitive bias is also a factor, that does not welcome new changes. The members of the board are biased and are not open to accept the ideas of Tommy and his sister (Vaara et al. 2016). There is a great resemblance in the problem statement of BTS and the deep structure. Both of these abide by the old methods and traditions of the organization. The old and conventional meth ods are strict enough and are contradictory to the outlook of the new leaders Tommy and Khadija. Moreover, as the grandchildren tries to introduce the new culture, the board members are not ready to accept the changes. Moreover, the deep structure described by Gersick is similar to the problem that exists in BTS. The similarity among the two strengthens the fact that the board members of BTS is rigid and not ready to accept the changes. 4.Usefulness of narrative and storytelling to the company The article by Dailey and Browning sheds light on the significance of narrative and storytelling. The process of narrative and storytelling is important for business organizations. The organizational changes and the practices need to be communicated to the new generations of the organization (Waddell et al. 2011). The significant milestones of the company along with the important events of the past, that had a major impact on the organization is done in storytelling and narrative. The process of narrative and storytelling is applied in BTS and the tradition of the company is moved down to the next generations. The process of narrative and storing telling has a significant role to play in the company BTS. The style of management and leadership that is taken up by the new leaders includes the various important features that were there previously. Modjo retained the basic principles followed by George such as the organizational values, rewards to the employees, sick leaves given to the employees (Waddell et al. 2011). This was as a result of narrative story telling. Thus, narrative and storytelling is effective in BTS. However, as Tommy and Khadija came in picture, the narrative and storytelling had a break. This is because they preferred a revolutionary change in BTS rather than adhering to the old ways of work. The narrative and storytelling is important since the value, mission and vision of the founder is retained. However, while the narrative and storytelling is good for evolutionary changes, the revolutionary changes could not be facilitated. The various forms of narrative and storytelling that are useful in case of BTS are as follows: Gaining control of the behavior and patterns are obtained (Harper 2015). The resistance could be overcome by using narrative. Thus, narrative and storytelling has an essential role to play in the organizational changes. Thus, narrative and storytelling is essential and the process needs to be retained in BTS (Waddell et al. 2011). 5.Modes that might change agents in BTS Collaborative modes of intervening refer to the joint methods and collaboration among the employees, in order to bring in significant change in the organization. The change agents assist the work with the clients to help them to develop opportunities. However, various factors might contribute to becoming a barrier in this process. Emotional turmoil such as anger and stress might also act as a barrier. The board members did not welcome the changes that were being initiated by Tommy and Khadija in BTS. Both of them were being welcomed with resistance to the organizational changes that they initiated. The modes that might change agents in the company BTS could be explained using the Theorizing approach. This approach involves the change agents by identification of the theories and concepts that assists the people to identify the needs for the changes (Tushman and OReilly 1996). The mode of intervening could be used to convince the board members to accept the change, by making them under stand the necessity of the changes. The concept of theorizing could be used to make the board members understand the need of the changes that were being introduced by Tommy and Khadija. In the theorizing method, the board members are presented with a theory, that assists them to understand the problem as well as plan remedial actions (Harper 2015). Since both Tommy and Khadija were highly educated, hence they had already analyzed the SWOT and PESTEL of BTS, and based on the analysis, they were proposing the changes (Tushman and OReilly 1996). Devised with the analysis of the factors that affects the organization most, the grandchildren had proposed for the necessary changes for BTS (Harper 2015). However, the board members were believers of deep structures and were not being convinced to accept the changes brought in by Tommy and Khadija. Thus, the revolutionary changes that were planned by the grandchildren were retarded, thus hampering the production and organizational progress. 6.Typology that is best suited in BTS The process of reorientation includes redefinition of the business organization. This process is initiated with the anticipation of the future. The aim of the process of reorientations is to ensure the effective future of the organization. In case of BTS, the theory of reorientation could be used, to bring in the changes in BTS. With the combination of the two dimensions of changes, organizational typology of change could be designed. The process of reorientation could be used effectively in order to bring in the organizational changes. The process of reorientation involves the changes in the organizational process, and alignment with the new changes (Tushman and OReilly 1996). Using this in BTS, might be successful in bringing in the new changes successfully. Moreover, Tommy and Khadija could be successful in convincing the members of the board, to understand the need for the proposed changes, and accept it. Hence, the reorientation typology is best suited for BTS. With the process of reorientation, the board members could be reoriented to accept the changes, by understanding the effective of the changes for the benefit of the organization (Harper 2015). The reorientation typology is best suited for the BTS Company, as the members, processes and the basic organizational culture needs to be reoriented to match the leadership of the new leaders, Tommy and Khadija. Hence, this typology is successfully recommended for BTS (Tushman and OReilly 1996). Thus, to conclude it might be stated that BTS is in need of organizational changes, which would enhance the organizational production and procedure, along with achievement of customer satisfaction. Tommy and Khadija, the grandchildren of the founder George, were initiating the changes. Thought the changes are beneficial for the company, yet the board members against the revolutionary change that was being initiated by the grandchildren. Thus, organizational changes are inevitable; to keep pace with the progress of the world, and for BTS also, change cannot be resisted. References Armenakis, A.A. Harris, S. G. (2009), Reflections: Our journey in organizational change research and practice. Journal of Change Management, Vol.9, No. 2. 127-142 Burnes, B (2004), Managing change a strategic approach to organisational dynamics, 4thedn, Prentice Hall, Harlow, England, chapter 7, pp. 2508. Chapter 10 Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dailey, S.L. Browning, L. (2014), Retelling stories in organizations: Understanding the functions of narrative repetition. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 39. No.1. 22-43. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Gersick, C.J., 1991. Revolutionary change theories: A multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm.Academy of management review,16(1), pp.10-36. Greiner, L.E., 1972. Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Hayes, J. (2014). The theory and practice of change management. 4th Edition. Palgrave MacMillan. New York. Malhotra, N. and Hinings, C.B., 2015. Unpacking continuity and change as a process of organizational transformation.Long Range Planning,48(1), pp.1-22. Murray, P. (2012), Training, Development, and Learning. In Jawad Syed and Robin Kramar (Eds), Human Resource Management in a Global Context: A Critical Approach, Sage Publications: London. Stoltzfus, K. Stohl, C, Seibold, D.R. (2011), Managing organization change: Paradoxical problems, solutions, and consequences. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 24, N0. 3. 349-367 Tushman, M.L. OReilly, C.A. (1996), Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California Management Review, Vol. 38, No. 4. 8-30 Vaara, E., Sonenshein, S. and Boje, D., 2016. Narratives as sources of stability and change in organizations: Approaches and directions for future research.The Academy of Management Annals,10(1), pp.495-560. Waddell, D. M. Cummings, T.G. Worley, C.G. (2011), Organisational Change: Development Transformation. 4th Edition. Chapter 4. Worley, C.G. Mohrman, S.A. (2014), Is change management obsolete? Organizational Dynamics, 43, 214-224. Y?lmaz, D. and K?l?o?lu, G., 2013. Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in educational organizations.European journal of research on education,1(1), pp.14-21.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Legislative Assignment free essay sample

Nursing is a large health care field that has enlarged its scope of practice over the years. In US history, the presence and influence of APNs was very important. The role of Nurse Practitioners has steadily expanded. First, was a horizontal movement to embrace expertise in medicine. Second, the scope moved vertically to encompass graduate nursing education. Since 1996 there has been a rapid, transformative evolution of the position APNs hold. Today APN Regulation includes specific elements i. e. licensure, accreditation, certification and education (LACE). Each state independently determines the legal scope of practice, as well as the recognized roles of APNs and the regulation of entry level nursing programs. In the state, where I live, on September 21, 2002, the Illinois Society for Advanced Practice Nursing (ISAPN) was created to write the rules for administration of the Nursing and Advanced Practice Nursing Act. This Act is updated every seven years. The ISAPN board of Directors includes nineteen members who are advanced practice nurses. We will write a custom essay sample on Legislative Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The President, vice president, secretary, treasurer, chairs, and representatives have 3 year terms. They can be reappointed for one more year after that. They represent the interests of APNs in Illinois and meet at least every two months. In addition to these meetings, there are regional meetings every quarter. These meetings are open to the public and provide a way to give educational information on health issues to citizens. During these meetings, updates on policy and practice issues that affect APNs in Illinois are presented. On October 5th, 2007 Advanced Practice Nursing Act was updated. Licensed practical nurses, registered nurses, and advanced practice nurses worked together on topics and rules i. e. education, licensing violations/discipline, continued competency, scope of practice, and structure of the nursing boards. They are monitored by ISAPN. APNs practice under directives of the Advanced Practice Nursing Act. They also practice under their own authority in ways appropriate to their specialty, scope of practice, education, and experience. The Act changed the professional relationship between physicians and nurses by expanding the scope of practice for APNs in hospitals and Ambulatory Surgical Treatment Centers (ASTC). APNs are authorized to practice across the nation and have prescriptive privileges in 49 states. The Advanced Practice Nursing Act in Illinois allows APNs to prescribe, select, order, administer, store, accept samples of, and dispense over-the-counter medications, legend drugs, medical gases, certain controlled substances, and other preparations, including botanical and herbal remedies (Illinois General Assembly, 2011, 2012). To prescribe and dispense legend drugs and legend controlled substances (Schedule II, III, IIIN, IV, or V Controlled), an Illinois advanced practice nurse needs to have a collaborative agreement with a physician who delegates limited prescriptive authority to the nurse. In addition to the requirements above some guidelines and limits are applied to prescribe medications. An APN may have one or more collaborating physicians. The physician’s scope of practice determines what services APNs can perform and what medications can be prescribed. Four categories of APNs are recognized in Illinois: certified nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, certified nurse midwife and certified registered nurse anesthetist. I worked as a critical care registered nurse for all of my career years. Currently I’m in Acute Care Nurse Practitioner (ACNP) program. This will result in career changes, because I see an increase need for ACNPs and want to be a part of that field. The standards of care for the ACNP include Nursing’s Scope Standards of Practice and Standards for Acute and Critical Care Nursing Practice (American Association of Critical-care nurses (AACN), 2010). Nursing standards of care is foundation for ACNP practice. Education, acute care competencies, research, and evidence-based practice will expand nursing standards of care to ACNP’s practice. I look forward to learn and develop new skills to provide the best care for our clients.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Comparative Advantage Concept and Benefits of Outcome Essay Example

Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome Essay From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In economics, the law of comparative advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, a firm, or a country) to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another party. It is the ability to produce a product with the highest relative efficiency given all the other products that could be produced. 1][2] It can be contrasted with absolute advantage which refers to the ability of a party to produce a particular good at a lower absolute cost than another. Comparative advantage explains how trade can create value for both parties even when one can produce all goods with fewer resources than the other. The net benefits of such an outcome are called gains from trade. It is the main concept of the pure theory of international trade. Contents | |[hide] | |1 Origins of the theory | |2 Examples | |2. 1 Example 1 | |2. Example 2 | |2. 3 Example 3 | |3 Effect of trade costs | |4 Effects on the e conomy | |5 Considerations | |5. 1 Development economics | |5. Free mobility of capital in a globalized world | |6 See also | |7 Notes | |8 References | |9 External links | [pic][edit] Origins of the theory Comparative advantage was first described by Robert Torrens in 1815 in an essay on the Corn Laws. He concluded it was to Englands advantage to trade with Portugal in return for grain, even though it might be possible to produce that grain more cheaply in England than Portugal. However, the concept is usually attributed to David Ricardo who explained it in his 1817 book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in an example involving England and Portugal. [3] In Portugal it is possible to produce both wine and cloth with less labor than it would take to produce the same quantities in England. However the relative costs of producing those two goods are different in the two countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In England it is very hard to produce wine, and only moderately difficult to produce cloth. In Portugal both are easy to produce. Therefore while it is cheaper to produce cloth in Portugal than England, it is cheaper still for Portugal to produce excess wine, and trade that for English cloth. Conversely England benefits from this trade because its cost for producing cloth has not changed but it can now get wine at a lower price, closer to the cost of cloth. The conclusion drawn is that each country can gain by specializing in the good where it has comparative advantage, and trading that good for the other. edit] Examples The following hypothetical examples explain the reasoning behind the theory. In Example 2 all assumptions are italicized for easy reference, and some are explained at the end of the example. [edit] Example 1 Two men live alone on an isolated island. To survive they must undertake a few basic economic activities like water carrying, fishing, cooking and shelter constr uction and maintenance. The first man is young, strong, and educated. He is also faster, better, and more productive at everything. He has an absolute advantage in all activities. The second man is old, weak, and uneducated. He has an absolute disadvantage in all economic activities. In some activities the difference between the two is great; in others it is small. Despite the fact that the younger man has absolute advantage in all activities, it is not in the interest of either of them to work in isolation since they both can benefit from specialization and exchange. If the two men divide the work according to comparative advantage then the young man will specialize in tasks at which he is most productive, while the older man will concentrate on tasks where his productivity is only a little less than that of the young man. Such an arrangement will increase total production for a given amount of labor supplied by both men and it will benefit both of them. [edit] Example 2 Suppose there are two countries of equal size, Northland and Southland, that both produce and consume two goods, food and clothes. The productive capacities and efficiencies of the countries are such that if both countries devoted all their resources to food production, output would be as follows: †¢ Northland: 100 tonnes †¢ Southland: 400 tonnes If all the resources of the countries were allocated to the production of clothes, output would be: †¢ Northland: 100 tonnes Southland: 200 tonnes Assuming each has constant opportunity costs of production between the two products and both economies have full employment at all times. All factors of production are mobile within the countries between clothes and food industries, but are immobile between the countries. The price mechanism must be working to provide perfect competit ion. Southland has an absolute advantage over Northland in the production of food and clothes. There seems to be no mutual benefit in trade between the economies, as Southland is more efficient at producing both products. The opportunity costs shows otherwise. Northlands opportunity cost of producing one tonne of food is one tonne of clothes and vice versa. Southlands opportunity cost of one tonne of food is 0. 5 tonne of clothes, and its opportunity cost of one tonne of clothes is 2 tonnes of food. Southland has a comparative advantage in food production, because of its lower opportunity cost of production with respect to Northland, while Northland has a comparative advantage in clothes production, because of its lower opportunity cost of production with respect to Southland. To show these different opportunity costs lead to mutual benefit if the countries specialize production and trade, consider the countries produce and consume only domestically. The volumes are: |Production and consumption before trade | |Country |Food |Clothes | |Northland |50 |50 | |Southland |200 |100 | |TOTAL |250 |150 | This example includes no formulation of the preferences of consumers in the two economies which would allow the determination of the international exchange rate of clothes and food. Given the production capabilities of each country, in order for trade to be worthwhile Northland requires a price of at least one tonne of food in exchange for one tonne of clothes; and Southland requires at least one tonne of clothes for two tonnes of food. The exchange price will be somewhere between the two. The remainder of the example works with an international trading price of one tonne of food for 2/3 tonne of clothes. If both specialize in the goods in which they have comparative advantage, their outputs will be: |Production after trade | |Country |Food |Clothes | |Northland |0 |100 | |Southland |300 |50 | |TOTAL |300 |150 | World production of food increased. clothes production remained the same. Using the exchange rate of one tonne of food for 2/3 tonne of clothes, Northland and Southland are able to trade to yield the following level of consumption: |Consumption after trade | |Country |Food |Clothes | Northland |75 |50 | |Southland |225 |100 | |World total |300 |150 | Northland traded 50 tonnes of clothes for 75 tonnes of food. Both benefited, and now consume at points outside their production possibility frontiers. Assumptions in Example 2: †¢ Two countries, two goods the theory is no different for larger numbers of countries and goods, but the principles are clearer and the argument easier to follow in this simpler case. †¢ Equal size economies again, this is a simplification to p roduce a clearer example. Full employment if one or other of the economies has less than full employment of factors of production, then this excess capacity must usually be used up before the comparative advantage reasoning can be applied. †¢ Constant opportunity costs a more realistic treatment of opportunity costs the reasoning is broadly the same, but specialization of production can only be taken to the point at which the opportunity costs in the two countries become equal. This does not invalidate the principles of comparative advantage, but it does limit the magnitude of the benefit. Perfect mobility of factors of production within countries this is necessary to allow production to be switched without cost. In real economies this cost will be incurred: capital will be tied up in plant (sewing machines are not sowing machines) and labour will need to be retrained and relocated. This is why it is sometimes argued that nascent industries should be protected from fully lib eralised international trade during the period in which a high cost of entry into the market (capital equipment, training) is being paid for. Immobility of factors of production between countries why are there different rates of productivity? The modern version of comparative advantage (developed in the early twentieth century by the Swedish economists Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin) attributes these differences to differences in nations factor endowments. A nation will have comparative advantage in producing the good that uses intensively the factor it produces abundantly. For example: suppose the US has a relative abundance of capital and India has a relative abundance of labor. Suppose further that cars are capital intensive to produce, while cloth is labor intensive. Then the US will have a comparative advantage in making cars, and India will have a comparative advantage in making cloth. If there is international factor mobility this can change nations relative factor abundance. The principle of comparative advantage still applies, but who has the advantage in what can change. †¢ Negligible transport cost Cost is not a cause of concern when countries decided to trade. It is ignored and not factored in. Before specialization, half of each countrys available resources are used to produce each good. †¢ Perfect competition this is a standard assumption that allows perfectly efficient allocation of productive resources in an idealized free market. [edit] Example 3 The economist Paul Samuelson provided another well known example in his Economics. Suppose that in a particular city the best lawyer happens also to be the best secretary, that is he would be the most productive lawyer and he would also be the best secretary in town. However, if this lawyer focused on the task of being a lawyer and, instead of pursuing both occupations at once, employed a secretary, both the output of the lawyer and the secretary would increase, as it is more difficult to be a lawyer than a secretary. [citation needed] [edit] Effect of trade costs Trade costs, particularly transportation, reduce and may eliminate the benefits from trade, including comparative advantage. Paul Krugman gives the following example. [4] Using Ricardos classic example: |Unit labor costs | |Cloth |Wine | |Britain |100 |110 | |Portugal |90 |80 | In the absence of transportation costs, it is efficient for Britain to produce cloth, and Portugal to produce wine, as, assuming that these trade at equal price (1 unit of cloth for 1 unit of wine) Britain can then obtain wine at a cost of 100 labor units by producing cloth and trading, rather than 110 units by producing the wine itself, and Portugal can obtain cloth at a cost of 80 units by trade rather than 90 by production. However, in the presence of trade costs of 15 units of labor to import a good (alternatively a mix of export labor costs and import labor costs, such as 5 units to export and 10 units to import), it then costs Britain 115 units of labor to obtain wine by trade – 100 units for producing the cloth, 15 units for importing the wine, which is more expensive than producing the wine locally, and likewise for Portugal. Thus, if trade costs exceed the production advantage, it is not advantageous to trade. Krugman proceeds to argue more speculatively that changes in the cost of trade (particularly transportation) relative to the cost of production may be a factor in changes in global patterns of trade: if trade costs decrease, such as on the advent of steam-powered shipping, trade should be expected to increase, as more comparative advantages in production can be realized. Conversely, if trade costs increase, or if production costs decrease faster than trade costs (such as via electrification of factories), then trade should be expected to decrease, as trade costs become a more significant barrier. edit] Effects on the economy Conditions that maximize comparative advantage do not automatically resolve trade deficits. In fact, many real world examples where comparative advantage is attainable may require a trade deficit. For example, the amount of goods produced can be maximized, yet it may involve a net transfer of wealth from one country to the other, often because economic agents hav e widely different rates of saving. As the markets change over time, the ratio of goods produced by one country versus another variously changes while maintaining the benefits of comparative advantage. This can cause national currencies to accumulate into bank deposits in foreign countries where a separate currency is used. Macroeconomic monetary policy is often adapted to address the depletion of a nations currency from domestic hands by the issuance of more money, leading to a wide range of historical successes and failures. [edit] Considerations [edit] Development economics The theory of comparative advantage, and the corollary that nations should specialize, is criticized on pragmatic grounds within the import substitution industrialization theory of development economics, on empirical grounds by the Singer–Prebisch thesis which states that terms of trade between primary producers and manufactured goods deteriorate over time, and on theoretical grounds of infant industry and Keynesian economics. In older economic terms, comparative advantage has been opposed by mercantilism and economic nationalism. These argue instead that while a country may initially be comparatively disadvantaged in a given industry (such as Japanese cars in the 1950s), countries should shelter and invest in industries until they become globally competitive. Further, they argue that comparative advantage, as stated, is a static theory – it does not account for the possibility of advantage changing through investment or economic development, and thus does not provide guidance for long-term economic development. edit] Free mobility of capital in a globalized world Ricardo explicitly bases his argument on an assumed immobility of capital: if capital freely flowed towards those countries where it could be most profitably employed, there could be no difference in the rate of profit, and no other difference in the real or labour price of commodities, than the additional quantity of labour required to convey them to the various markets where they were to be sold. [5] He explains why, from his point of view , (anno 1817) this is a reasonable assumption: Experience, however, shows, that the fancied or real insecurity of capital, when not under the immediate control of its owner, together with the natural disinclination which every man has to quit the country of his birth and connexions, and entrust himself with all his habits fixed, to a strange government and new laws, checks the emigration of capital. [5] Some scholars, notably Herman Daly, an American ecological economist and rofessor at the School of Public Policy of the University of Maryland, have voiced concern over the applicability of Ricardos theory of comparative advantage in light of a perceived increase in the mobility of capital: International trade (governed by comparative advantage) becomes, with the introduction of free capital mobility, interregional trade (governed by Absolute advantage). [6] Adam Smith developed the principle of absolute advantage. The economist Paul Craig Roberts notes that the comparative advantage principles developed by David Ricardo do not hold where the factors of production are internationally mobile. [7][8] Limitations to the theory may exist if there is a single kind of utility. Yet the human need for food and shelter already indicates that multiple utilities are present in human desire. The moment the model expands from one good to multiple goods, the absolute may turn to a comparative advantage. The opportunity cost of a forgone tax base may outweigh perceived gains, especially where the presence of artificial currency pegs and manipulations distort trade. [9] Global labor arbitrage, where one country exploits the cheap labor of another, would be a case of absolute advantage that is not mutually beneficial. [10][11][12] Economist Ha-Joon Chang criticized the comparative advantage principle, contending that it may have helped developed countries maintain relatively advanced technology and industry compared to developing countries. In his book Kicking Away the Ladder, Chang argued that all major developed countries, including the United States and United Kingdom, used interventionist, protectionist economic policies in order to get rich and then tried to forbid other countries from doing the same. For example, according to the comparative advantage principle, developing countries with a comparative advantage in agriculture should continue to specialize in agriculture and import high-technology widgits from developed countries with a comparative advantage in high technology. In the long run, developing countries would lag behind developed countries, and polarization of wealth would set in. Chang asserts that premature free trade has been one of the fundamental obstacles to the alleviation of poverty in the developing world. Recently, Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan and China have utilized protectionist economic policies in their economic development. [13] [edit] See also

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Example

Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Example Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Travelodge is the first budget hotel launched in 1985 in UK. It operates 380 hotels with 26,500 room in the UK. Travelodge is be aftering to turn 1000 more hotels by 2020. It employs above 5500 people and 87 % of the engagement are made online. The UK hotel market is estimated around 700,000 suites ( beginning: Melvyn Gold, Qualification of serviced adjustment supply in UK , December 2007 ) UK hotel market is segmented chiefly into four classs, Brander full service which has 14 % of the market portion, branded budget 12 % branded mid market 62 % and unbranded mugwumps 62 % .the current economic environment has seen addition in bead out of unbranded mugwumps and people prefer to book with branded budget due to web coverage, trade name strength strong balance sheet and distribution. Grant Hearn, Travelodge CEO, commented: 2008 was another record twelvemonth of growing for the Travelodge trade name with over 19 % gross growing . Room sold increased by 9 per centum to 6 million The growing of Travelodge has been unbelievable but company faced a few challenges and one of the major challenge company is confronting is overbooking. Overbooking is one of the of import gross direction tool in hotels operation direction to run efficaciously and heighten profitableness. Gross Management is seen as an of import technique in the hotels operation and hence to maximise their grosss, hotels are progressively implementing Revenue Management patterns ( Hwang and Wen, 2009 ) . As a effect of implementing such systems, many companies in the service sector such as hotels consistently overbook capacity in order to maximise the gross at one peculiar point in clip ( Wangenheim and Bayon, 2007 ) . If overbooking is non implemented right it can ensue in loss of room gross, loss of hotel repute, decreased client trueness and lessening hotels profitableness. This study discusses the chief features of overbooking and its impact on the company in theoretical and practical prospective. Theoretical penetrations of overbooking One of the cardinal constructs in Revenue Management is overbooking. The pattern of overbooking can be defined as corroborating more reserves than the hotels available physical capacity to supply the service. ( Ivanov, 2006 ; Ivanov, 2007 ; Chiang et Al 2007 ; McGill, new wave Ryzin,1999 ; Kamath, Bhosale, Manjrekar,2008 ) . Hence, the aim of overbooking is to better the expected net income and alternatively of selling each room one time, net income can be increased by selling it several times ( Birkenheuer, 2009 ) . In fact, overbooking as an built-in portion of Revenue Management has received important attending from literature. From a historical position, overbooking is present in the surveies of Falkson ( 1969 ) , Simon ( 1968 ) , Vickrey ( 1972 ) and many others. The major aim of these surveies was to sketch a control pattern for cancellations. Nowadays, overbooking has become an emerging affair in industries with perishable merchandises. It yields considerable impacts on companies public presentation. In footings of the cordial reception industry, the profitableness of hotels is mostly dependent on their use of capacity. Conversely, demand for suites and extensions of stay are really unstable and are difficult to foretell ( new wave Ryzin, 2005 ) . Hoteliers are challenged by how to find the business of suites for clients who are financially unequal and meanwhile maintain a stable rate of demand given the difficult to foretell fortunes ( Okumus, 2004 ) . This is all possible utilizing overbooking, which enables proper allotment of resources and optimisation of gross revenues. However, maximising the figure of sold suites per dark can non be easy accomplished. One of the most ambitious undertakings of the hotel operation direction is to cover with the unpredictable nature of the clients, because non all booked reserves will turn into existent service ingestion ( Lai et al, 2005 ) . To this terminal overbooking may imply a company from the cordial reception industry non being able to function all its clients decently because of lower figure of ab initio expected people that do non look as agreed. In this regard, overbooking may hold both positive and negative impact. On the one manus, it may ensue in refusal to supply a service, but on the other, it can besides take the signifier of compensation for those booking agents, who can non have the value bundle they have agreed on and paid for ( Kimes and Wagner, 2001 ) . From their practical experience directors know that all non engagements confirmed for a peculiar day of the month will be truly used ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . There are several possible scenarios that can do this. Despite of their reserves, because of different fortunes some invitees cancel their stay and end their reserves, some does non call off their engagement but fail to demo up, or other invitees cut down their stay and as a consequence the room remains unsold and therefore capacity non use is lost everlastingly ( Ivanov, 2006, Talluri et Al, 2004 ; Chiang et Al, 2007 ; Hung, 2004 ; Bitran ; Leon, 1989 ) . Therefore hotels adopt overbooking in order to protect against losingss with no-shows and to countervail the consequence of cancellations and shortened corsets ( Hwang and Wen, 2009 ; Kamath et Al, 2008 ; Selmi, 2008 ; Chiang et Al 2007 ; Hung, 2004 ; Sulistio, Kim, and Buyya, 2008 ) . Impacts of overbooking on hotels operation direction Apart from the chance of the hotel to minimise the consequence of reserve uncertainnesss there are possibilities the figure of cancellations and no shows to be less so the figure of overbookings, so some of the clients will non be accommodated and should be walked to other hotels ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . Therefore, if a hotel decides to use overbooking in its operations it should pull off carefully non merely the chance cost of the unsold room but besides the overbooking costs for alternate hotel adjustment and transit that the hotel has to pay in order to counterbalance a client in instance of overbooking ( Ivanov, 2006 ; Hung, 2004 ) . Besides the apparent fiscal costs happening in instance of walking a invitee holding already booked, costs the lost hotel s good will and repute and the hazards of dissatisfaction, loss of trust, loss of future client trueness are much more expensive for the hotel ( Selmi, 2007 ) . Overbooking policy and control Harmonizing to Selmi ( 2007 ) , the hazard of client refusal appears if the overbooking is no accomplished exactly . In this respect, Kimes ( 1989 ) emphasized on the importance of a clearly stated overbooking policy within the hotel operation direction. The aim of overbooking policy and control is to happen an optimum overbooking degree to maximise the expected gross and to minimise the possible hazard of denied service ( Chiang et al 2007 ) . Netessine and Shumsky ( 2002 ) as cited by Ivanov ( 2006 ; 2007 ) proposed a basic mathematical theoretical account for ciphering the optimum figure of overbookings and harmonizing to his findings the optimum overbooking degree is reciprocally related to the sum of cancellation charges applied the closer the cancellation charge to the room rate, the lower the lost benefit from the unoccupied room and the less stimuli to overbook . In instance of presence of guaranteed and non-guaranteed engagements, Ivanov ( 2007 ) suggests that the optimum figure of overbookings has to be set individually for each type. Alternatively, harmonizing to Hung ( 2004 ) factors that could be considered while puting overbooking bounds include: chances of cancellation and no-show ; room demand distribution over clip and conditions of length of stay ; stay extension chances influenced by the intended length of stay. Furthermore Hung ( 2004 ) assumes that the proportion of cancellations depends on the client class, intended length of stay, twenty-four hours of hebdomad of first stay over, and clip until first stay over. Impact of overbooking on client behaviour Harmonizing to Talluri et Al ( 2004 ) overbooking is often cited in client ailments and remains the primary beginning of dissatisfaction. Furthermore, consequences of an experiment made by Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) confirm that the pattern of overbooking is likely to be perceived as unjust by service clients. Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) analyze behavioural effects of the equity towards overbooking by suggesting and corroborating several hypotheses. Harmonizing to their research the negative effects of service failure originating from overbooking are stronger for the high position client than for the low position clients and hence, hotelkeepers have to carefully overbook its high-values categories . Additionally, Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) stress on the importance that if a hotel ignores the log-run behaviour effects of overbooking, this may take to negative effects on its operations. One such negative effect is proposed to be a client who faces a denied service due to overbooking and still remains hotels client because of either high fixed exchanging barriers or current trueness rank plans. However, in response to the service failure the client may set its investing into the exchange relationship non merely by diminishing the figure of gross revenues, but besides by seeking to take advantage of price reduction offers or buying lower degree services from the hotel ( Wangenheim and Bayon, 2007 ) . On the other manus, Hwang and Wen ( 2009 ) analyze the consequence of the sensed equity toward hotels overbooking and compensation patterns by analyzing clients reactions toward hotel overbooking. Some of their most critical findings from this survey are that adult females are more likely than work forces to experience that overbooking is unjust , clients perceptual experiences to the equity of overbooking is non affected by other client variables including length of stay, rank position, remunerator beginning, reserve channel, and reserve clip ; participants perceived equity toward the hotel s overbooking and compensation policies were strongly correlated with positive viva-voce promotion. One of the most of import consequences of the research shows that the sensed equity of the participants toward the hotel s compensation policy is related to their trueness. Therefore, Hwang and Wen ( 2009 ) propose that hotels should see planing compensations that help positively influence cli ents perceived fairness toward overbooking and that encourage clients on-going backing and trueness. In a decision, issues like finding the optimum figure of extra reserves, minimising compensation cost, and covering with the negative effects from clients confronting a denied service are considered as the most ambitious countries of the pattern of overbooking and every hotel endeavoring to maximise its profitableness should non undervalue them ( Sulistio, Kim, and Buyya, 2008 ) . Practical Deductions of overbooking As the cordial reception industry is germinating, hotel proprietors and hotel directors are invariably seeking to update their attacks in order to accomplish optimum allotment of resources. Novelli, Schmitz and Spencer ( 2006 ) have discovered that hotelkeepers make every attempt to use modern-day engineerings in their concern. By this deduction, hotel directors and proprietors do non merely prolong competitory advantage, but besides create new merchandises and services. In position of this, it can be concluded that execution of new engineerings that create new merchandises is a technological invention ( Evangelista, 1999 ) . On the other manus, the execution of advanced engineerings to a service company can hold a important influence in footings of operational efficiency ( Freeman and Soete, 1997 ) . Additionally, Porter ( 1990 ) supports the latter thesis by foregrounding that the public presentation of a company is extremely dependent on new engineerings. In position of technological inventions today many hotels recognize the importance of overbooking pattern and therefore its execution has become by and large recognized measure toward hotels successful operations. The practical application of Revenue Management and Overbooking incorporates the undermentioned built-in elements ( Vinod, 2004 ) : Figure 1 Revenue Management application Degree centigrades: UsersamadDesktopCapture.JPG Beginning: Vinod, B. ( 2004 ) , Journal of Revenue A ; Pricing Management Market cleavage: Segmenting clients harmonizing to their penchants and disbursement forms is a must to do certain the most appropriate clients with absolutely fitted properties are sold the proper suites that can maximise grosss ( Oliveira, 2003 ) . Specifying rate categories ( stock list pooling ) : Involves making groups of the bing rates that close in footings of value ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Demand prediction: demand prediction is indispensable to find room tenancy. In the context of Revenue Management it is of import as it can command tenancy utilizing the information of length of stay. This can be achieved by possessing informations on rate category demand and continuance of stay ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Supply prediction: earlier and late check-out procedures can besides find room tenancy, which is an component besides involved in Revenue Management. Overbooking control: encompasses gross revenues of suites transcending the maximal available figure of suites to countervail for no shows and cancellations. However, there are some hazards associated with overbooking as it may ensue in grudges from unsated clients who have received an inappropriate room. In such instances hotelkeepers offer compensations and periphery benefits ( Smith, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Vinod ( 1992 ) Revenue Management can convey 20 % of the entire grosss. Revenue mix control and exclusion processing: involves be aftering of import hereafter day of the months with discretion and fiting them with overbooking degrees ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Performance measuring and direction coverage: closely size uping the Revenue Management processes is indispensable to track down the information quality and future be aftering footing. However, in order to take a hotel into a victorious way, overbooking has to be managed and controlled really carefully. Ivanov ( 2006 ) defines the direction of overbooking as a set of managerial techniques and activities connected with uninterrupted planning, reserve and control and he outlined two chief groups of activities that should be performed in the day-to-day hotel operation. The hotel directors should on one manus, to specify an optimum figure of overbookings for each day of the month and continuously to modify it harmonizing to the market alterations of the hotel and the specific demand and booking spiels and on the other manus, to pull off carefully determinations and operational activities related with walking invitees with overbookings. In this respect, Ivanov ( 2006 ) proposes that factors such as length of stay, suites rates and client position have to be considered by hotel directors while covering with walking a invitee with confirmed reserve. Additionally, Kimes ( 1989 ) analyzes several managerial concerns indispensable for an effectual overbooking pattern and states that top direction can non presume tha t Revenue Management will merely go on, it requires careful planning and preparation . Therefore employees have to be intensively trained in order to clearly understand the purpose and features of overbooking. Furthermore, employees who are straight covering with overbooking determinations have to be sporadically trained how to act in possible client struggles and to take their ain determinations in an unfamiliar state of affairs ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . In order to be minimized the possible client dissatisfaction in instance of overbooking, it is critical for the hotel to set up service recovery programmes with standardised processs and to do employees to be cognizant and follow them ( Ivanov, 2006 ) For a profitable applied overbooking in the cordial reception industry, hotels must understand non merely consumers behaviour but besides to see the impact of competition and the presently economic state of affairs that imposes important supply and demand fluctuations. As hotels compete with each other in order to pull more clients, Revenue Management determinations of one hotel necessarily act upon the demand for other hotels in the same part or country. However, recent tendencies propose that hotels should join forces with is rivals that consequence in increased figure of formed confederations with each other to maximise their gross ( Chiang et al, 2007 ) Revenue Management s challenges in the cordial reception industry As explained before, Revenue Management finds application to two important industries: cordial reception and air hose. The first one, nevertheless, is much more complex in footings of industry impregnation and suites direction. This creates hurdlings for the optimu m operation of Revenue Management techniques. In the hotel industry Revenue Management can be applied either locally or via centralised system. The 2nd one involves garnering informations and taking determinations from a focal site for other belongingss. In pattern merely a limited figure of hotels and hotel ironss are able to pull off centralized informations processing and hence the bulk of participants on the cordial reception industry opt for belongings based Revenue Management. Recommendations for future research Despite of the acknowledged importance of overbooking as one the most effectual successful Revenue Management techniques used in hotel operation and widely discussed subject in research literature, there are no current surveies discoursing the overbooking direction of Bulgarian hotels and its impact on their operation. Therefore, future research may concentrate on the possible application of Revenue Management techniques to the Bulgarian cordial reception industry. Future surveies may besides concentrate on the demand side of Bulgarian touristry as the state has witnessed fluctuating visitant rates during the past two decennaries despite the turning net incomes generated by the peculiar industry. Decisions In order to last in the ferocious competition and to bring forth more gross while utilizing the same sum of resorts it is necessary and critical to the hotels operation direction to utilize efficaciously its reserve stock list and to increase its tenancy rate ( Hung, 2004 ) . Revenue Management techniques and the theoretical accounts of overbooking if applied suitably would maximise the grosss of hotels ( Kamath et al, 2008 ) . However, the possibilities of client dissatisfaction, and hazard of loss of repute because of denied service, force many hotels to avoid the pattern of overbooking. Therefore, before hotel directors to deicide whether or non to implement overbooking they should first see what Birkenheuer ( 2009 ) explained the best appraisal of hazard and chance will supply the best net income . In this survey we have outlined the dynamic nature of service industries and have demonstrated the importance of Revenue Management and most notably one of its most important facets overbooking. We have narrowed the range of this research down to the cordial reception industry and have found major differences in the demand patterns towards such companies in the former industry. Some clients prefer flexible cancellation footings, while others are non much attentive to that. Hoteliers offer differential pricing to their ain advantage to fudge against fluctuating demand. We have besides found that permutation is one of the most effectual method of pull offing overbooking patterns, but yet a cost/benefit analysis must be performed in order to track down the existent effects. Basically, within the current dynamic determination doing state of affairs in the cordial reception industry, overbooking degrees have been found to hold important gross maximising belongingss. In position of this, through this survey we have discovered some of the main direction aims that could be achieved through overbooking in the model of Revenue Management: net income maximization ; capa city allotment ; maximization of mean gross per client ; maximization of net present value ; and minimisation of client grudges. Finally, as cordial reception industry on a planetary graduated table is a aggregate volume-driven concern, overbooking has become an emerging subject as vacant suites do non convey any net incomes. However, possibly even more important remains the job how to pull off client letdown, in instances they can non be relocated to similar hotels as a consequence of overbooking.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

From Typical Contracts to E-Contracts Assignment

From Typical Contracts to E-Contracts - Assignment Example Therefore it is advantageous as it saves both consumers the time they would have used to travel to the signing offices. Third, the technology has greatly improved efficiency in the real estate sector hence resulting to reduce â€Å"contract-to-closing times.† Also, the electronic contract system reduces deforestation. This is because it has eliminated the use of papers for documentation. Instead, it uses CD’s where the signed documents are stored and issued to the consumers. In addition, the new procedures favor consumers who do not like to reveal their identity. This is because there is no eye contact between the buyer and seller. The only person who gets to meet the consumers is the attorney thus providing privacy to those who value their personal privacy. From the 1st classmate, I would agree with him that it feels different while closing deals through electronic system compared with the traditional way. Despite the difference in two methods, both need much attention as a way of maintaining accuracy. By using this method, consumers risk losing nothing since they are guaranteed protection from the real estate companies. None of their protection will be jeopardized in electronic contracts since all procedures are done in private. To the 2nd classmate, I think you should end the doubts you have towards the e-contract system. It is true people rarely read the whole contract but with the use of e-contracts, one can read them faster than reading hard copies . The search and find tools make all the difference thereby making the transactions easy and transparent. In addition to this, conditions precedent adhere to thereby the whole procedure is done under the discharge performance rule. By this, it means that the completion of the consumers’ contract can only be done through following what was promised before the signing of that contract.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Food Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food Analysis - Essay Example Pollan identified this concern and explored it extensively in his script the omnivore’s dilemma. Based on the concepts noted by Pollan and other scholars would enable one analyze the production, handling of chicken, its effects and suitability in the society. Since the date of domestication, chicken has dominated people’s diet since it has a high nutrition value. Individuals also prefer chicken because of its less complicated rearing and preparation procedures. Consequently, chicken is customary food that is significant in the contemporary society (Michael 18). Industries can process chicken into various food supplements based on modern technologies. This has increased the popularity of this type of food. Studies indicate that the present chicken consumption rate is about 4kgs per head within a year, and estimates highlight that the rate is likely to increase in future. Furthermore, studies assert that more than 60% of world’s population consumes chicken (Neil & Clive 4). During earlier centuries, the society consumed chickens that came from local homes where they were reared using customary procedures and in small quantities. However, this is never the situation with the current society. These customary sources are unable to sustain high demands for chicken leading to the establishment of the alternative sources. Presently, the society entirely gets chickens from commercial industries specializing in chicken rearing. Individuals obtain chickens from chicken complexes that have hatcheries, processing units, and chicken farms. These plants rear chickens specifically for commercial purposes (Michael 26). In these commercial centers, chickens grow in secluded cages or houses with limited space for movements. Initially, in the hatchery, a selecting breed with rapid growth and weight gaining rates provide the eggs that are hatched to produce chicks (Michael 28). These chicks are reared in houses

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Why did the Macmillan administration chose to opt for EC membership Essay

Why did the Macmillan administration chose to opt for EC membership - Essay Example The treaty worked to free the movement of goods, services, capital and labor between its member nations. In 1960, as a result and in an attempt to destroy or absorb the proposed EEC common market, the U.K. and Sweden created the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). EFTA was an attempt to conserve Britains role and economic position which was remotely attractive to major Western European states. In 1963, the Prime Minister of U.K., Harold Macmillan, decided to change Britain’s foreign policy towards the European Community and attempted to join EEC. He suggested to unite the member countries of EFTA with ECC to incorporate all of Europe but France vetoed further talks. Macmillan saw that the exclusion from EEC was damaging to Britain both economically and politically. The following sections will presents the reasons why Macmillan’s administration chose to opt for European Community membership. To maintain Britain’s world role in the face of economic enervation, Macmillan did not follow Anthony Eden’s policy of reliance on the United States. He evolved the British strategy to include a new relationship with Europe to complement the increasingly unreliable American proxy (Ruane & Ellison 2004:1). Eden’s administration saw that the maintenance of the British extended empire placed a burden on the countrys economy beyond its resources. They manipulated a foreign policy to ensure that the country’s strength was equal to its obligations. They aimed to persuade the U.S. to assume burdens of an international defence organization while retaining for Britain as much political control as possible. This was the only solution Eden came up with to spread the burden of two major obligations for which Britain currently bore primary responsibility. In January 1957, the Suez Canal crisis brought down Prime Minister Eden and caused his resignation to be succeeded by Harold

Friday, November 15, 2019

I Have A Dream Speech Outline Theology Religion Essay

I Have A Dream Speech Outline Theology Religion Essay 2 Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. 3 But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a cast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so weve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. Tie To Audience/ Relevancy Statement/ Reveal Your Topic : Author linked freedom to checks, signifying that every American has this check but African Americans are unable to claim it. 4 In a sense weve come to our nations capitol to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men yes, black men as well as white men would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 5 It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note to insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check a check which has come back marked insufficient funds.   Credibility Material : Speaker self is an African American speaking on the common issue faced by all. 6 But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so weve come to cash this check a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. Thesis Preview: Thesis: Emphasized on a brief summary of now and its importance. 7 We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of Gods children. Preview: Why now . 8 It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negros legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. Transition: Moving into main points elaborating why now . 9 But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. Body Main Point 1 : 10 We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. Subpoint 1: 11 The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people. For many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. Sub-sub point/elaboration: 12 As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, When will you be satisfied? Sub-sub point/elaboration: We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negros basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating For Whites Only. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream. Subpoint 2: 13 I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. S Sub-sub point/elaboration: Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. Sub-sub point/elaboration: You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Transition: 14 Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. Main Point 2 : 15 I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. 1. Subpoint 1 : 16 I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. Sub-sub point/elaboration: 17 I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 18 I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. Sub-sub point/elaboration: 19 I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. 20 I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. 21 I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plane and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. 2. Subpoint 2: 22 This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. S Sub-sub point/elaboration: 23 This will be the day this will be the day when all of Gods children will be able to sing with new meaning, My country tis of thee, sweetland of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrims pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring. And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. Sub-sub point/elaboration: 24 So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! 3. Subpoint 3: 25 Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California! S Sub-sub point/elaboration: 26 But not only that. Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! 27 Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! 28 Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.   III. Conclusion Brakelight: 29 And when this happens, Summary: when we allow freedom ring when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city Tie Back to Audience: we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Concluding Memorable Remarks: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we are free at last!

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Education reality Essay

Dealism Idealism is the metaphysical and epistemological doctrine that ideas or thoughts make up fundamental reality. Essen? ally, it is any philosophy which argues that the only thing actually knowable is consciousness (or the contents of consciousness), whereas we never can be sure that ma? er or anything in the outside world really exists. Thus, the only real things are mental en es, not physical things (which exist only in the sense that they are perceived) Progressivism Progressivist believes that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one’s educa? on. Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivist centers their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abili? es of students. Progressivist teachers try making school interes? ng and useful by planning lessons that provoke curiosity. In a progressivist school, students are ac? vely learning. The students interact with one another and develop social quali? es such as coopera? on and tolerance for di&erent points of view. Essen? alism It is an educa? onal philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the  tradi? onal basic subjects thoroughly and rigorously. In this philosophical school of thought, the aim is to ins? ll students with the â€Å"essen? als† of academic knowledge, enac? ng a back-to-basics approach. Essen? alism ensures that the accumulated wisdom of our civiliza? on as taught in the tradi? onal academic disciplines is passed on from teacher to student. Such disciplines might include Reading, Wri? ng, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Mathema? cs, Science, Art, and Music. Moreover, this tradi? onal approach is meant to train the mind, promote reasoning, and  ensure a common culture. Realism Realism, at its simplest and most general, is the view that en es of a certain type have an objec? ve reality, a reality that is completely ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes, linguis? c prac? ces, beliefs, etc. Thus, en es (including abstract concepts and universals as well as more concrete objects) have an existence independent of the act of percep? on, and independent of their names. Reconstruc? onism Social Reconstruc? onism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social ques? ons and  a quest to create a be? er society and worldwide democracy. Reconstruc? onist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of educa? on. Existen? alism It is based on the view that humans de3ne their own meaning in life, and try to make ra? onal decisions despite exis? ng in an irra? onal universe. It focuses on the ques? on of human existence, and the feeling that there is no purpose or explana? on at the core of existence. It holds that, as there is no God or any other transcendent force, the only way to counter this  nothingness (and hence to 3nd meaning in life) is by embracing existence. Pragma? sm Pragma? sm is a rejec? on of the idea that the func? on of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. Instead, pragma? sts consider thought to be a product of the interac? on between organism and environment. Thus, the func? on of thought is as an instrument or tool for predic? on, ac? on, and problem solving. Pragma? sts contend that most philosophical topics— such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their prac?  cal uses and successes rather than in terms of representa? ve accuracy Perennialism Believe that one should teach the things that one deems to be of everlas? ng per? nence to all people everywhere. They believe that the most important topics develop a person. Since details of fact change constantly, these cannot be the most important. Therefore, one should teach principles, not facts. Since people are human, one should teach 3rst about humans, not machines or techniques. Since people are people 3rst, and workers second if at all, one should teach liberal topics 3rst, not voca? onal topics.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

The Return: Midnight Chapter 43

â€Å"Elena?†Stefan said quietly. â€Å"Could you ask me to come in? You have to invite me in if you want to – to talk – â€Å" Invite him in? He was already in – inside her heart. She had told the Guardians that everyone would have to accept Stefan as her boyfriend of almost a year. It didn't matter. In a low voice she said, â€Å"Come in, Stefan.† â€Å"The window's locked from your side, Elena.† Numbly, Elena unlocked the window. The next moment she was encompassed by warm, strong arms in a desperate, fervent embrace. But the moment after that, the arms dropped, leaving her frozen and lonely. â€Å"Stefan? What's wrong?†Her eyes had adapted and by the starlight through the window she could see him hesitating before her. â€Å"I can't – It isn't – It's not me you want,†he said in a rush that sounded as if it came through a constricted throat. â€Å"But I wanted you to know that – that Meredith and Matt are holding Bonnie. Comforting her, I mean. They're al okay and so is Mrs. Flowers. And I thought that you – â€Å" â€Å"They put me to sleep! They said they wouldn't put me to sleep!† â€Å"You fel asleep, lo – Elena. While we were waiting for them to send us home. We al watched over you: Bonnie, Sage, and I.†He was Stillspeaking in that formal, unusual tone. â€Å"But I thought – Well, that you might want to talk tonight, too. Before I – I left.†He put a finger up to stop his lip from shaking. â€Å"You swore you wouldn't leave me!†Elena cried. â€Å"You promised, not for any reason, not for any length of time, no matter how noble the cause!† â€Å"But – Elena – that was before I understood†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You Stilldon't understand! Do you know – â€Å" His hand flew to cover her mouth and he put his lips to her ear. â€Å"Lo – Elena. We're in your house. Your aunt – â€Å" Elena felt her eyes widen, although of course subconsciously she had known this al along. The air of familiarity. This bed – it was her bed, and the spread was her beloved gold and white bedspread. The obstacles she'd known how to avoid in the dark – the tapping at her window†¦she was home. Like a climber who has negotiated an impossible-seeming section of rock, and almost fal en, Elena felt a tremendous rush of adrenaline. And it was this – or, perhaps, simply the power of the love that flooded through her – that achieved what she had been so clumsily trying to reach. She felt her soul expand and come out of her body. And meet Stefan's. She was appal ed by the hastily swept-away desolation in his spirit, and humbled by the surge of love that flooded every part of him at the touch of her mind. Oh, Stefan. Just – say that – that you can forgive me, that's all. If you forgive me I can live. Maybe you can even be happy with me again – if you just give it a little time. I'm already happy with you. But we have all the time in the world, Stefan reassured her. But she caught the shadow of a dark thought whisked quickly out of the way. He had al the time in the world. She, however†¦ Elena had to choke back a laugh but then clutched at Stefan suddenly. My backpack – did they take it? Where is it? Right beside your nightstand. I can reach it. Do you want it? He reached in the darkness and pul ed up something heavy and rough and none too pleasant-smel ing. Elena thrust one frantic hand inside it while Stillholding on to Stefan with the other. Yes! Oh, Stefan, it's here! He was beginning to suspect – but he only knew when she drew out the bottle labeled Evian Water and held it to her cheek. It was icy cold, although the night was mild and humid. And as it effervesced violently, it glowed in a way that no ordinary water did. I didn't mean to do it, she told Stefan, suddenly worried that he might not like to associate with a thief. At least – not at first. Sage said to get the water from the Fountain of Eternal Youth and Life into bottles. I dug up a big bottle and this little one, and somehow I stashed the smaller one in my backpack – I'd've put the big one in, too, but it didn't fit. And I didn't even think about the little one again until after they took away my Wings and my telepathy. And a good thing, Stefan thought. If they had caught you – oh, my lovely love! His arms squeezed the breath from Elena's lungs. So that's why you were suddenly so eager to leave! â€Å"They took almost everything else supernatural about me,†Elena whispered, placing her lips close to Stefan's ear. â€Å"I have to live with that, and if they'd given me a chance I'd have agreed – for the sake of Fel ‘s Church – if I'd been logical – â€Å"She broke off as she suddenly realized that she had been literal y out of her mind. She'd been worse than a thief. She'd tried to use a lethal attack on a group of – mostly – innocent people. And the worst thing was that a part of her knew that Damon would have understood her madness, while she wasn't sure Stefan ever could. â€Å"But you don't have to change me into – you know,†she began whispering frenetical y again. â€Å"A sip or two of this and I can be with you forever. Forever and – for – forever – Stefan – â€Å"She stopped, trying to get her breath and her mental balance. His hand closed over hers on the cap. â€Å"Elena.† â€Å"I'm not crying. It's because I'm happy. Forever and ever, Stefan. We can be together, just†¦just us two†¦forever.† â€Å"Elena, love.†His hand kept hers from twisting open the bottle. â€Å"It – isn't what you want?† With his other arm, Stefan pul ed her tightly to him. Her head fel forward onto his shoulder and he rested his chin on her hair. â€Å"It's what I want more than anything. I'm†¦dazed, I guess. I have been ever since – â€Å"He stopped and tried again. â€Å"If we have al the time in the world, we have tomorrow,†he said in a voice muffled by hair. â€Å"And tomorrow is time enough for you to start to think it through. There's enough in that bottle for maybe four or five people. You're the one who's going to have to decide who drinks it, love. But not tonight. Tonight is for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With a sudden rush of joy Elena understood. â€Å"You're talking about – Damon.†Amazing how difficult it was to simply say his name. It almost seemed a violation, and yet†¦ When he could talk – like this – for a moment to me, he told me what he wanted, she sent. Stefan stirred a little in the darkness, but said nothing. Stefan, he only asked for one thing before he†¦went. It was not to be forgotten. That's all. And we're the ones who remember the most. Us and Bonnie. Aloud she added, â€Å"I wil never forget him. And I wil never let anyone else who knew him forget him – for as long as I live.† She knew she'd spoken too loudly, but Stefan didn't try to quiet her. He gave one quick shudder and then held her tightly again, his face buried in her hair. I remember, he sent to her, when Katherine asked him to join her – when we three were in Honoria Fell's crypt. I remember what he said to her. Do you? Elena felt their souls intertwine as they both saw the scene through the other's eyes. Of course, I remember too. Stefan sighed, half-laughing. I remember trying to take care of him later in Florence. He wouldn't behave, wouldn't even Influence the girls he fed on. Another sigh. I think he wanted to get caught at that point. He couldn't even look me in the face and talk about you. I made Bonnie send for you. I made sure she got both of you out here, Elena told him. Her tears had begun to flow again, but slowly – gently. Her eyes were shut and she felt a faint smile come to her lips. Do you know – Stefan's mental voice was startled, astonished – I remember something else! From when I was very young, maybe three or four years old. My father had a terrible temper, especially right after my mother died. And back then, when I was little, and my father was furious and drunk, Damon would deliberately get in between us. He'd say something obnoxious and – well, my father would end up beating him instead of me. I don't know how I could have forgotten about that. I do, Elena thought, remembering how frightened she had been of Damon when he'd first turned human – even though he'd put himself in between her and the vampires who wanted to Discipline her in the Dark Dimension. He had a gift for knowing exactly what to say – how to look – what to do – to get under anyone's skin. She could feel Stefan chuckle faintly, wryly. A gift, was it? Well, I certainly couldn't do it, and I can manage most people, Elena replied softly. Not him, though. Never him. Stefan added, But he was almost always kinder to weak people than to strong ones. He always did have that soft spot for Bonnie†¦ He broke off, as if frightened he'd ventured too near something sacred. But Elena had her bearings now. She was glad, so glad, that in the end Damon had died to save Bonnie. Elena herself needed no more proof of his feelings about her. She would always love Damon, and she would never al ow anything to diminish that love. And, somehow, it seemed fitting that she and Stefan should sit in her old bedroom and speak of what they remembered of Damon in hushed tones. She planned on taking the same thing up with the others tomorrow. When she final y fel asleep in Stefan's arms, it was hours after midnight.